Modern Western philosophy marks a significant shift from the medieval focus on theology and religious authority to a new emphasis on reason, human experience, and individual freedom. This transition began...

Roman Ethics and the Virtuous Life Roman philosophy, especially during the height of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, was deeply concerned with questions of ethics and the virtuous life. Roman...

Cicero: Philosophy as a Guide for Public Life   Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE), one of Rome’s greatest orators, statesmen, and philosophers, approached Philosophy as a Guide for Public Life,...

Stoicism: Living in Accordance with Nature Stoicism is one of the most influential schools of thought from ancient Roman philosophy, with enduring relevance for modern life. It teaches that to live a...